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Tyche of Constantinople
The Tyche of Constantinople was the deity of fortune ''(Tyche)'' who embodied the guardianship ''(tutela)'' of the city of Constantinople in the Roman Imperial era. Malalas says that her name was ''Anthousa'' (Roman equivalent Flora).〔Jonathan Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor of the Christian Golden Age'' (Cambridge University press, 2012), p. 252.〕 Her attributes included the mural crown, cornucopia, a ship's prow,〔Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor'', p. xvi.〕 and a spear.〔Martin C. Ross, ''Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection: Jewelry, Enamels, and Art of the Migration Period'' (Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1965, 2005, 2nd ed.), vol. 2, p. 31.〕 She was depicted standing or seated on a throne.〔Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor'', p. xvi.〕 As the personification of the city, Tyche or Anthousa could be abstracted from her origins as a Classical goddess, and like Victory made tolerable as a symbol for Christians.〔Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor'', pp. 252, 262.〕 Under Constantine, the ''Tychai'' of Rome and Constantinople together might be presented as personifications of the empire ruling the world.〔Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor'', p. 262.〕
Tyche of Constantinople appears in two basic guises on coins and medallions. In one, she wears a helmet like ''Dea Roma''. In the other, which was used for instance on silver medallions in 330 AD to commemorate Constantine's inauguration day, Tyche wears a crown of towers representing city walls, and sits on a throne with a ship's prow at her feet.〔Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor'', p. 262〕
The iconography of Tyche shared some attributes with Cybele, especially the wearing of the turreted or mural crown as a patron of cities. According to Zosimus, who appears not to have converted to Christianity, Constantine had one statue of Rhea-Cybele altered "through his disregard for religion, by taking away the lions on each side and changing the arrangement of the hands; for whereas previously she was apparently restraining lions, now she seemed to be praying and looking to the city as if guarding it." His intention seems to have been to render Cybele as the Tyche of Constantinople,〔Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor'', p. 262.〕 in keeping with a general adaptation of Imperial cult for the newly Christianized regime.〔Averil Cameron and Judith Herrin, ''Constantinople in the Early Eighth Century: The Parastaseis Syntomoi Chronikai'' (Brill, 1984), p. 36.〕 ''Proskynesis'' (prostration as submission to authority) was performed before emperors and symbols of imperial authority including the Tyche, and later before Christian symbols.〔Cameron and Herrin, ''Constantinople in the Early Eighth Century,'' p. 236.〕
One tradition held that Constantine had a cross inscribed on the Tyche of Constantinople near the Milion,〔Bardill, ''Constantine, Divine Emperor'', p. 315.〕 and that the emperor Julian, who opposed Christianity, rejected this manifestation of Tyche.〔Cameron and Herrin, ''Constantinople in the Early Eighth Century,'' p. 25.〕 The Tyche of Constantinople continues to appear in art of the Eastern Roman Empire into the 6th century, among such examples as a consular diptych and jewelry ornaments.〔Ross, ''Catalogue of the Byzantine and Early Mediaeval Antiquities in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection, pp. 31–32, 61.〕
==References==
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